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What is cryptocurrency?

2. What are the features of cryptocurrency?

3. How does cryptocurrency works?

4. What is Block Chain?

5. what is the History of cryptocurrency?

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What the young adults think about investing in crypto?

The crypto ecosystem has grown more significantly in recent years. Institutions such as the IMF have now started to embrace crypto, though they’re also advising investors to exercise caution. The crypto ecosystem has grown more significantly in recent years. While institutions such as the International Monetary Fund have now started to embrace cryptocurrencies, they’re also calling for investors to exercise caution. A June survey of 1,000 adults in the United Kingdom revealed that 45% of respondents aged between 18 and 29 chose cryptocurrencies as their first-ever investment. And a number of those transactions were made using credit cards, student loans, or other means of borrowing. For example, 56% of respondents who invested in either bitcoin or dogecoin funded their investments with debt. The IMF, in its annual Global Financial Stability Report, said that while more than 16,000 tokens have been listed on various exchanges, only around 9,000 remain...

How to calculate convenience yield?

Convenience yield is the benefit or premium received by holding a physical asset versus a futures contract. It's calculated as the difference between the spot price and the futures price, adjusted for carrying costs. Here's the formula: Convenience Yield (CY) = (Spot Price - Futures Price) / Spot Price - Carrying Costs Where: - Spot Price is the current market price of the asset - Futures Price is the price of the futures contract - Carrying Costs include storage, insurance, and financing costs For example, let's say: - Spot Price of crude oil = Rs.50/barrel - Futures Price of crude oil (6 months) = Rs.52/barrel - Carrying Costs (storage, insurance, financing) = Rs.1.50/barrel CY = (Rs.50 - Rs.52) / Rs.50 - Rs.1.50 = -4% + (-3%) = -7% The negative convenience yield indicates that holding physical crude oil is more costly than holding a futures contract. If the CY were positive, it would indicate a benefit to holding the physical asset. Keep in mind that convenience yield...

What is STOP LOSS?

In trading, a stop loss (SL) is an order to close a position when it reaches a certain price, limiting potential losses if the market moves against you. It's a risk management tool that helps traders: 1. Limit losses 2. Protect capital 3. Set a maximum risk level 4. Avoid emotional decisions 5. Stick to their trading plan A stop loss order is typically set at a price level below the current market price for a long position (buy) or above the current market price for a short position (sell). Example: - Buy ABC stock at Rs.100 with a stop loss at Rs.95 - If the price falls to Rs.95, the position is automatically closed, limiting the loss to 5 points or Rs.5 Stop losses can be: 1. Fixed: Set at a specific price level 2. Trailing: Moves with the market price, maintaining a fixed distance 3. Volatility-based: Adjusts to market volatility Remember, stop losses are essential for managing risk and maximizing potential returns in trading.

Why is it important to put stop losses in your trades?

Putting a stop loss in your trades is important for several reasons: 1. Risk Management : A stop loss helps limit your potential losses if the market moves against you. 2. Emotional Control : It helps you stick to your trading plan and avoid impulsive decisions based on emotions. 3. Capital Preservation : By limiting losses, you preserve your capital for future trades. 4. Discipline : Setting a stop loss forces you to think critically about your trade and set a clear exit strategy. 5. Protection from Market Volatility : Stop losses protect you from sudden market movements or flash crashes. 6. Locking Profits : You can also use stop losses to lock in profits as the market moves in your favor. 7. Reducing Stress : Knowing you have a stop loss in place can reduce stress and make trading more manageable. Remember, a stop loss is an essential tool for managing risk and maximizing potential returns in trading.

Equity derivatives Free mock test -2

Question 1: A derivative is a financial contract that derives its value from an underlying asset. a). True b). False Question 2: Arbitrage is the simultaneous purchase and sale of an asset to profit from an imbalance in the price. a). True b). False Question 3: An index option is a a). Cash market product b). Money market instrument Question 4: Financial derivatives provide the facility for a). Trading b). Hedging c). Arbitraging d). All of the above Question 5: Operational risks include losses due to a). Inadequate disaster planning b). Government policies c). Income tax regulations Question 6: Impact cost is low when the liquidity in the system is poor. a). True b). False Question 7: A calendar spread contract in index futures attracts a). Higher margin than sum of two independent legs of futures contract b). Lower margin than sum of two independent legs ...

Commercial Paper, Treasury Bills, Certificate of Deposits, Limited Physical Market, Auction Market, Block Deals, Odd Lot Market

Commercial paper Commercial paper is a short-term debt instrument issued by companies to raise funds for a period ranging from a few days to a year. It is an unsecured promissory note that represents a company's obligation to repay the face value plus interest. Characteristics of Commercial Paper : 1. Short-term maturity (up to 1 year) 2. Unsecured (not backed by collateral) 3. Issued by companies to raise funds 4. Discounted from face value (interest is deducted at issuance) 5. Maturity ranges from a few days to a year 6. Typically issued in large denominations (e.g., Rs.100,000) 7. Active secondary market for trading Types of Commercial Paper: 1. Direct Paper: Issued directly by the company to investors 2. Dealer Paper: Issued through a dealer or intermediary 3. Asset-Backed Paper: Secured by assets, such as receivables or inventory Advantages : 1. Low cost of borrowing 2. Flexibility in maturity and amount 3. Quick access to funds Disadvantages : 1. Risk of default (credit ris...

Black and Scholes formula -Option Pricing

The Black-Scholes formula is a mathematical model used to estimate the theoretical value of a call option or a put option. The formula is: *Call Option:* C = SN(d1) - Ke^(-rt)N(d2) *Put Option:* P = Ke^(-rt)N(-d2) - SN(-d1) Where: - C = call option value - P = put option value - S = current stock price - K = strike price - r = risk-free interest rate - t = time to expiration (in years) - N(d1) and N(d2) = cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of the standard normal distribution - d1 and d2 = variables calculated using the following formulas: d1 = [ln(S/K) + (r + σ^2/2)t] / (σ√t) d2 = d1 - σ√t - σ = volatility of the underlying stock The Black-Scholes formula takes into account the following factors: 1. Current stock price (S) 2. Strike price (K) 3. Risk-free interest rate (r) 4. Time to expiration (t) 5. Volatility of the underlying stock (σ) The formula provides a theoretical estimate of the option's value, which can be used to make informed investment decisions. Note: The Bla...

Charges and taxes on trading in Indian stock market.

Here's a detailed breakdown of stock market trading charges in India: 1. *Brokerage Fees*: - Equity Delivery: 0.1% to 0.5% of trade value - Equity Intraday: 0.01% to 0.05% of trade value - F&O (Futures and Options): 0.01% to 0.05% of trade value 2. *Transaction Charges*: - NSE (National Stock Exchange): 0.00322% for equity delivery, 0.0019% for F&O futures - BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange): 0.0025% for equity delivery, 0.0015% for F&O futures 3. *Stamp Duty*: - Varies by state (e.g., 0.015% or ₹1500 per crore for equity delivery in some states) 4. *GST (Goods and Services Tax)*: - 18% on brokerage fees, SEBI charges, and transaction charges 5. *SEBI Charges*: - ₹10 per crore 6. *STT (Securities Transaction Tax)*: - 0.1% on buy and sell for equity delivery - 0.025% on the sell side for intraday trades 7. *Demat Charges*: -...

NISM Equity Derivatives Free Mock Test 1

Note : Answers are given at the end of the test.Solve the mock test and check your scores Maximum Marks: 100 Negative marking of 0.25 for each wrong answer Question 1. A portfolio of Rs 25 lacs has a beta of 1.20. A complete hedge is obtained by A. by selling Nifty futures of Rs 25 locs B. by selling Nifty futures of Rs 28 lacs C. by selling Nifty futures of Rs 30 lacs D. by buying Nifty futures of Rs 28 lacs Explanation: Beta measures the sensitivity of a scrip/portfolio vis-a-vis index movement over a period of time, on the basis of historical prices. A beta of 1 indicates that the security's price will move with the market. A beta of less than 1 means that the security will be less volatile than the market. A beta of greater than I indicates that the security's price will be more volatile than the market. For example, if a stock's beta is 1.3, it's theoretically 30% more volatile than the market. So, to obtain a hedge for a portfolio of shares, one has to se...

Hindenburg Report on SEBI Chairperson

Hindenburg Report – SEBI Chairperson Involvement in Adani Money Siphoning Scandal – Summary – • Whistleblower Documents Show That Madhabi Buch, The Current Chairperson Of SEBI, And Her Husband Had Stakes In Both Obscure Offshore Funds Used In The Adani Money Siphoning Scandal. The current SEBI Chairperson and her husband, Dhaval Buch, had hidden stakes in the exact same obscure offshore Bermuda and Mauritius funds, found in the same complex nested structure, used by Vinod Adani. • Despite the existence of thousands of mainstream, reputable onshore Indian Mutual fund products, an industry she now is responsible for regulating, documents show SEBI Chairperson Madhabi Buch and her husband had stakes in a multi-layered offshore fund structure with miniscule assets, traversing known high-risk jurisdictions, overseen by a company with reported ties to the Wirecard scandal, in the same entity run by an Adani director and significantly used by Vinod Adani in the alleged Adani cash sipho...

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